Clinical characterization, physical frailty, and depression in elderly patients with psoriasis from a reference center in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background: There are few studies dedicated to the characterization of the geriatric population with psoriasis, which has particularities in terms of clinical manifestations and therapeutic limitations. As psoriasis is a chronic disease, presenting a higher prevalence with age, the increase in life expectancy in Brazil demands knowledge about the behavior of the disease among the elderly. Objectives: To characterize elderly people with psoriasis from a tertiary service, from the clinical-epidemiological point of view, presence of comorbidities, physical frailty, and affective impact, and to compare these aspects with adults with psoriasis and elderly people without the disease. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 64 elderly patients with psoriasis, 64 adults with psoriasis, and 64 elderly patients without the disease. Clinical-demographic aspects, the Beck depression scale, and Skindex-16 were evaluated. Indicators of physical frailty were evaluated in elderly patients: handgrip, sit-to-stand test, fatigue, and weight loss >5%. Results: In the elderly, the mean age (SD) of psoriasis onset was 44 (10) years, men represented 47% of the sample, the prevalence of arthritis was 22%, and ungual involvement occurred in 72%. Topical corticosteroids were used more often among elderly people with psoriasis (100%) than among adults with the disease (86%), with no difference among other systemic treatments. Diabetes mellitus occurred in 30% of the elderly. Hypertension (59%), dyslipidemia (52%), depression (34%), and fatigue (59%) were more prevalent among the elderly with psoriasis than among the healthy controls.

Sialic acid-mediated photochemotherapy enhances infiltration of CD8+ T cells from tumor-draining lymph nodes into tumors of immunosenescent mice

Immunoscenescence plays a key role in the initiation and development of tumors. Furthermore, immunoscenescence also impacts drug delivery and cancer therapeutic efficacy. To reduce the impact of immunosenescence on anti-tumor therapy, this experimental plan aimed to use neutrophils with tumor tropism properties to deliver sialic acid (SA)-modified liposomes into the tumor, kill tumor cells via SA-mediated photochemotherapy, enhance infiltration of neutrophils into the tumor, induce immunogenic death of tumor cells with chemotherapy, enhance infiltration of CD8+ T cells into the tumor-draining lymph nodes and tumors of immunosenescent mice, and achieve SA-mediated photochemotherapy. We found that CD8+ T cell and neutrophil levels in 16-month-old mice were significantly lower than those in 2- and 8-month-old mice; 16-month-old mice exhibited immunosenescence. The anti-tumor efficacy of SA-mediated non-photochemotherapy declined in 16-month-old mice, and tumors recurred after scabbing. SA-mediated photochemotherapy enhanced tumor infiltration by CD8+ T cells and neutrophils, induced crusting and regression of tumors in 8-month-old mice, inhibited metastasis and recurrence of tumors and eliminated the immunosenescence-induced decline in antitumor therapeutic efficacy in 16-month-old mice via the light-heat-chemical-immunity conversion.

O efeito do tratamento com rapamicina em órgãos linfoides de camundongos propensos à senescência acelerada / The effect of rapamycin treatment on lymphoid organs of senescence accelerated mice prone

Envelhecer compreende um fenômeno complexo, natural e irreversível, que submete o organismo a inúmeras alterações nos processos biológicos, fisiológicos, ambientais, psicológicos, comportamentais e sociais. Esse processo é caracterizado por um declínio gradual dos mecanismos homeostáticos do organismo, intimamente relacionados com o estado senescente. A senescência, quando diz respeito ao sistema imunológico, é denominada de imunossenescência, que pode ser definida como uma parada estável do ciclo celular associada a mudanças, com uma resposta que limita a proliferação de células envelhecidas ou danificadas. A autofagia está diretamente relacionada com a manutenção do fenótipo senescente, em que a atividade autofágica exerce um papel essencial e ativo na influência da biossíntese de proteínas e organelas. Essa via é regulada naturalmente pela proteína mTOR e quimicamente pelo fármaco rapamicina. Assim, pretendemos investigar: (1) as alterações no perfil corporal e hematimêtrico dos animais ao longo do tratamento com rapamicina; (2) avaliar o perfil de citocinas; (3) observar as modificações histológicas em órgãos linfoides primários e secundário; (4) analisar as populações de células linfoides e mieloides; e (5) avaliar a capacidade proliferativa de linfócitos in vitro. Camundongos SAMP-8 e SAMR-1 foram tratados com rapamicina durante dois meses. A mensuração da massa corporal e análises hematológicas foram realizadas antes e durante o tratamento. Amostras de soro, medula óssea, timo e baço foram analisados em ensaios de ELISA, histologia, população e subpopulações de células. Alterações na massa corporal, parâmetros hematológicos e celularidade de células foram nítidas entre os dois modelos utilizados. Diferenças também foram percebidas na detecção de citocinas IL-1ß. IL-6 e TNF-α, com resultados significantes nas amostras de baço, timo e medula óssea. As citocinas IL-7 e IL-15 apresentaram diferenças de secreção entre os grupos, sendo a primeira maior detectada em camundongos com senescência acelerada tratados com rapamicina. Em nossa análise histológica observamos que os camundongos SAM-P8 apresentaram involução tímica. E nas subpopulações de linfócitos T do baço, células TCD4+ e TCD8+ estavam, respectivamente, em maior e menor quantidade nos camundongos SAM-P8 tratados com rapamicina. Dessa forma, o camundongo da linhagem SAM-P8 é um excelente modelo para se estudar as alterações da senescência, em que o mesmo apresenta características fisiológicas distintas dos camundongos utilizados como controle (SAM-R1). Além disso, verificamos que a dose de rapamicina empregada não desencadeou alterações que pudessem comprometer a resposta imunológica desses camundongos, bem como na possibilidade de atuar na resposta contra os efeitos complexos do envelhecimento

Aging comprises a complex, natural, and irreversible phenomenon, which subjects the organism to countless alterations in biological, physiological, environmental, psychological, behavioral, and social processes. This process is characterized by a gradual decline in the organism's homeostatic mechanisms, closely related to senescence effects. Senescence, when it concerns the immune system, is called immunosenescence, which can be defined as a stable cell cycle arrest associated with changes and is a response that limits the proliferation of aged or damaged cells. Autophagy is a genetically regulated, conserved cellular process and a metabolic pathway essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, which plays a constitutive and active role in controlling the biosynthesis of proteins and organelles. This pathway is regulated naturally by mTOR or chemically by the drug rapamycin, having a direct relationship with cellular homeostasis and maintenance of the senescent phenotype. Thus, we intend to investigate: (1) the changes in the body and hematimetic profile of the animals throughout the rapamycin treatment; (2) evaluate the cytokine profile; (3) observe histological changes in primary and secondary lymphoid organs; (4) analyze lymphoid and myeloid cell populations; and (5) evaluate the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes in vitro. SAMP-8 and SAMR-1 mice were treated with rapamycin for two months. Body mass measurement and hematological analyses were performed before and during treatment. Serum, bone marrow, thymus and spleen samples were analyzed in ELISA assays, histology, cell population and subpopulations. Changes in body mass, hematological parameters, and cellularity were clear between the two models used. Differences were also noticed in the detection of cytokines IL-1ß. IL-6 and TNF-α, with significant results in the spleen, thymus and bone marrow samples. The cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 showed differences in secretion between groups, the former being higher detected in mice with accelerated senescence treated with rapamycin. In our histological analysis we observed that SAM-P8 mice showed thymic involution. And in the spleen T-lymphocyte subpopulations, TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells were, respectively, in higher and lower quantities in SAM-P8 mice treated with rapamycin. Thus, the SAM-P8 mouse is an excellent model to study the changes of senescence, since it presents physiological characteristics different from the control mice (SAM-R1). Furthermore, we verified that the dose of rapamycin used did not trigger changes that could compromise the immune response of these mice, as well as the possibility of acting in the modulatory response against the complex effects of aging

Development strategies of prophylactic vaccines for older adults / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#The vaccination of older adults is receiving increasing attention from the whole society.The majority of deaths caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) are older adults,especially those with underlying diseases.Severe acute respiratory symptom coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have proved to have a significant protection against severe disease and death in the older adults.At present,the vaccination coverage rate of older adults in China is insufficient,and the main obstacles from the audience include the lack of popular vaccination education and willingness to vaccination,while there are also problems from vaccine providers,such as the lack of vaccines suitable for the elderly and the high price of vaccine.This paper summarized the market status and research progress of vaccines for the older adults in China,and analyzed the effects of underlying diseases,immune aging and previous infection history or vaccination history of older adults on the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines.The strategies of vaccine development for the older adults were discussed in terms of the application of novel adjuvants to improve immunogenicity,optimization of vaccine preclinical study evaluation criteria based on the immune system characteristics of older adults,focus on enhancing cellular immune response,and development of vaccines for oral and inhalation vaccination.

UnderstandingComplement-mediatedNervous System aginginOrder toDevelop Neurodegenerative Therapeutics

Aging is becoming one of the biggest burdens to the developed world, mainly due to it being linked to a variety of diseases from neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease to cancer. It involves the dysregulation of virtually every biological process known, affecting every organ and tissue by distinct mechanisms, the nature of which is only now beginning to be truly understood. This is also true for memory loss, which is considered one of the most typical signs of old age. This is not surprising, given the still limited knowledge regarding how memories and thoughts are stored and utilised by the Central Nervous System (CNS). A potential hint, however, is the recent discovery that the complement system plays a role in synaptic pruning, which is essential for erasing unneeded memories. This is particularly intriguing given that the complement system is a branch of the innate immune system which has been documented as being overactive with aging. This review will thus cover what is currently known about the relationship between the immune system and aging and how the changes in the immune system with age affect the brain in an effort to direct further research. This topic has not been reviewed as a whole, which is why this paper aims to summarise the information on this topic whilst also elaborating on the gaps in research in order to develop potential therapies for neurodegeneration and immunosenescence.

The VES?13 and G?8 tools as predictors of toxicity associated with aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer in elderly patients: A single?center study

Background: Adjuvant hormone treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer is mainly based on aromatase inhibitors. Adverse events associated with such class of drugs are particularly severe in elderly patients. Therefore, we investigated the possibility of ab initio predict which elderly patients could encounter toxicity. Methods: In light of national and international oncological guidelines recommending the use of screening tests for multidimensional geriatric assessment in elderly patients aged ?70 years and eligible for active cancer treatment, we assessed whether the Vulnerable Elder Survey (VES)-13 and the Geriatric (G)-8 could be predictors of toxicity associated with aromatase inhibitors. Seventy?seven consecutive patients aged ?70 diagnosed with non?metastatic hormone?responsive breast cancer and therefore eligible for adjuvant hormone therapy with aromatase inhibitors, were screened with the VES-13 and the G-8, and underwent a six-monthly clinical and instrumental follow-up in our medical oncology unit, from September 2016 to March 2019 (30 months). Said patients were identified as vulnerable (VES?13 score ?3 or G?8 score ?14) and fit (VES?13 score <3 or G?8 score >14). The likelihood of experiencing toxicity is greater among vulnerable patients. Results: The correlation between the VES-13 or the G-8 tools and the presence of adverse events is equal to 85.7% (p = 0.03). The VES-13 demonstrated 76.9% sensitivity, 90.2% specificity, 80.0% positive predictive value, 88.5% negative predictive value. The G-8 demonstrated 79.2% sensitivity, 88.7% specificity, 76% positive predictive value, 90.4% negative predictive value. Conclusion: The VES-13 and the G-8 tools could be valuable predictors of the onset of toxicity associated with aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer in elderly patients aged ?70.

Reduced naïve T cell numbers correlate with increased low-grade systemic inflammation during ageing and can be modulated by physical activity / Un número reducido de células T vírgenes se correlaciona con un aumento de la inflamación sistémica de bajo grado durante el envejecimiento y puede ser modulado por la actividad física

SUMMARY: Age-associated decline of immune system, termed immunosenescence, is characterized by low-grade systemic inflammation, known as inflammaging, together with T-cell functional dysregulation. Although affecting all individuals, different environmental as well genetic factors impinge on the individual´s susceptibility or resilience to immunosenescence. Physical activity has been shown to improve autonomy and functionality in older adults. However, if physical activity affects immunosenescence or inflammaging remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze immunosenescence and inflammaging in elderly individuals by measuring peripheral naïve T cells and interleukin (IL) -6 from peripheral blood and evaluate the impact of physical activity on T cell dysregulation and inflammaging. Thirty (30) elderly volunteers (10 males and 20 females), and 7 young controls (2 males ad 7 females), were recruited for this study. A methodology questionnaire was used to evaluate different parameters such as physical activity, and peripheral naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and serum IL-6 were measured by FACS and ELISA respectively. Our results shown that naïve T cells decline, and IL-6 levels increase as older people age. Interestingly, we observed strong negative correlation between naïve T cells numbers and IL-6 levels in older adults, suggesting a direct link between reduced naïve T cell pool and increased inflammaging. Continuous physical activity during youth did not affect immunosenescence and inflammaging in elderly, but physical activity during elderly increase naïve T cell numbers and reduce inflammaging in older subjects. Our results showed reduced number of naïve T cells and increased levels of IL-6 as elder people get older. Moreover, the strong negative correlation between these parameters suggest that naïve T cells can have a direct suppressive activity over innate immune components. Furthermore, physical activity during elderly can reduce immunosenescence and inflammaging in older subjects.

RESUMEN: El deterioro del sistema inmunológico asociado con la edad, denominado inmunosenescencia, se caracteriza por una inflamación sistémica de bajo grado, conocida como inflamaging, junto con una desregulación funcional de las células T. Aunque afectan a todos los individuos, diferentes factores ambientales y genéticos inciden en la susceptibilidad o resiliencia del individuo a la inmunosenescencia. Estudios anteriores han demostrado que la actividad física mejora la autonomía y la funcionalidad en los adultos mayores, aunque como la actividad física impacta a la inmunosenescencia e inflammaging es aún desconocido. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la inmunosenescencia e inflammaging en personas de edad avanzada, midiendo las células T vírgenes y la interleucina (IL)-6 de sangre periférica, junto con evaluar el impacto de la actividad física sobre la inflamación basal y la inmunosenescencia. Treinta voluntarios ancianos (10 hombres y 20 mujeres) y 7 controles jóvenes (2 hombres y 5 mujeres) fueron incluidos en este estudio. Para medir actividad física, autonomía y dependencia se utilizó un cuestionario de metodología, junto con evaluar el número de células T CD4+ y CD8+ periféricas vírgenes e IL-6 sérica mediante FACS y ELISA, respectivamente. Nuestros resultados muestran que las células T vírgenes disminuyen y los niveles de IL-6 aumentan a medida que las personas mayores envejecen. Curiosamente, observamos una fuerte correlación negativa entre el número de células T vírgenes y los niveles de IL-6 en adultos mayores, lo que sugiere un vínculo directo entre la reducción de la reserva de células T vírgenes y el aumento de la inflamación. La actividad física durante la juventud no afectó la inmunosenescencia ni la inflamación en los ancianos, pero la actividad física durante la vejez aumenta el número de células T vírgenes y reduce la inflamación en los adultos mayores. Estos resultados sugieren que inmunosenescencia e inflammaging parecen estar directamente conectados, además de concluir que el desarrollo de actividad física durante la vejez reduce la inmunosenescencia y la inflamación basal en adultos mayores.

The mechanism of tumors as aging-related diseases / 白血病·淋巴瘤

The tumors originate from transformation cells caused by gene mutations. These cells are frequently kept at dormant state or detected and cleared by the immune surveillance. The research data show that the hallmarks of tumors and aging share many similarities, which is the biological basis for tumors as aging-related diseases. With the increase of tumor initiation cells and the decline of immune function in the elderly, the morbidity and mortality of tumors steadily increase. The core mechanisms are inflammaging and immunosenescence in the elderly. This article reviews recent advances in the field of tumorigenesis, inflammaging and immunosenescence, which elucidates the hypothesis and possible mechanism that tumors are aging-related diseases.

Mechanisms of Classical Prescriptions and Their Active Components in Immunosenescence Regulation： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

As the body ages， the immune system will undergo a series of changes， which are termed "immunosenescence" and are embodied in immune cells. Previous studies have shown that the immune cells involved in the regulation of immunosenescence include intrinsic immune cells and adaptive immune cells. Intrinsic immune cells are neutrophils， monocytes/macrophages， myeloid-derived suppressor cells， dendritic cells， natural killer cells， etc.， and the underlying mechanisms involve the regulation of cell number， phagocytosis， chemotaxis， adhesion， the function of toll-like receptor （TLR）， antigen presentation， macrophage polarization， cytotoxicity， migration， etc. The adaptive immune cells include T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes， and the underlying mechanisms involve the regulation of cell development， proliferation， differentiation， cell number， telomerase activity， self-reactive antibodies， etc. Immunosenescence is the manifestation of aging in the human body and is also an important target for delaying aging by Chinese medicine and western medicine. In recent years， scholars have found some classical prescriptions and their active components （such as Dushentang and total saponins in Panax ginseng leaves， and Shengmaiyin and anwulignan and total saponins in P. ginseng stems and leaves） can regulate immunosenescence by targeting the immune cells and interfering with their molecular regulatory mechanisms. In addition， the mechanisms of the classical prescriptions in regulating immunosenescence are closely related to autophagy. The representative prescription embodying the therapeutic principles of resolving blood stasis and promoting regeneration， Dahuang Zhechongwan， can delay D-galactose-induced renal aging in mice， and its underlying mechanisms are related to the regulation of the number and activity of thymic immune cells and improvement of the protein expression of autophagy-related markers and inflammatory cytokines in the kidney. Therefore， exploring the effects of the classical prescriptions and their active components by targeting the mechanisms of immunosenescence will become a new direction for investigating and developing anti-aging drugs.

Respuesta inmune y alergia a vacunas / Immune response and allergies to vaccines

Las vacunas son altamente efectivas en prevenir enfermedades infecciosas a través del desarrollo en el individuo de una respuesta inmune protectora, sin desarrollar la enfermedad. Los distintos tipos de vacunas producen diferentes tipos de respuestas inmunes y variadas estrategias se han desarrollado para mejorar esta respuesta. El sistema inmune sufre cambios con la edad y esta inmunosenecencia altera la capacidad de responder frente a ellas. Por otro lado, si bien el sistema inmune puede reconocer elementos presentes en las vacunas y montar respuestas de hipersensibilidad ante ellos, las alergias a las vacunas son raras, teniendo que distinguirlas adecuadamente de otro tipo de reacciones. En caso que un paciente presente una reacción compatible con alergia, es importante conocer todos los componentes de la vacuna para realizar un estudio adecuado.

Vaccines are highly effective in preventing infectious diseases through the development in the individual a protective immune response, without developing the disease. Different types of vaccines produce different types of immune responses, and varied strategies have been developed to improve this response. The immune system undergoes changes with age, and this inmunosenescence alters the ability to respond to them. On the other hand, although the immune system can recognize elements present in vaccines and establish hypersensitivity responses to them, vaccine allergies are rare, having to properly distinguish them from other types of reactions. In the event that a patient has an allergy-compatible reaction, it is important to know all the components of the vaccine to conduct a proper study.

Envejecimiento inflamatorio e inmunosenescencia, la posible respuesta a la severidad de la COVID-19 en los adultos mayores. Revisión Narrativa / Inflammaging and immunosenescence, the possible response to the severity of COVID-19 in older people. Narrative Review

La infección por SARS-CoV-2 varía ampliamente con la edad, siendo generalmente más severa en los adultos mayores. En muchos de estos pacientes, puede desencadenarse un síndrome de tormenta de citocinas, caracterizado por una elevación sistémica de varias citocinas proinflamatorias, lo que podría inducir un síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA), neumonía, insuficiencia orgánica múltiple y finalmente la muerte. Durante el envejecimiento, el sistema inmunitario puede experimentar una disminución gradual de su función llamada "inmunosenescencia", lo cual dificulta el reconocimiento, la señalización y la eliminación de amenazas. También se ha descrito un leve aumento crónico de la inflamación sistémica denominada "envejecimiento inflamatorio", fenómeno implicado en trastornos como diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer y aterosclerosis. Una gran cantidad de datos recientes que describen la patología y los cambios moleculares en pacientes con COVID-19 apuntan a la inmunosenescencia y al envejecimiento inflamatorio como los principales impulsores de las altas tasas de mortalidad en los pacientes mayores. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los datos experimentales y las observaciones clínicas que vinculan el envejecimiento inflamatorio y la inmunosenescencia con la fisiopatología de la COVID-19 en adultos mayores con infección grave

SARS-CoV-2 infection varies widely with age, generally being more severe in older adults. In many of these patients, a cytokine storm syndrome can be triggered, characterized by a systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, as well as multiple organ failure and ultimately death. During aging, the immune system can experience a gradual decline in immune function called immunosenescence, which makes it difficult to recognize, signal, and eliminate threats. A slight chronic increase in systemic inflammation called inflammatory aging, a phenomenon implicated in disorders such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's and atherosclerosis, has also been described. A large body of recent data describing pathology and molecular changes in COVID- 19 patients points to immunosenescence and inflammatory aging as the main drivers of high death rates in older patients. The objective of this review is to summarize the experimental data and clinical observations that link inflammaging and immunosenescence with the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in severely infected older people

Moderate levels of physical fitness maintain telomere length in non-senescent T CD8+ cells of aged men

OBJECTIVES: Immunosenescence is an age-associated change characterized by a decreased immune response. Although physical activity has been described as fundamental for maintaining the quality of life, few studies have evaluated the effects of different levels of exercise on telomere length in aged populations. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of different levels of physical activity, classified by the Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) values, on the telomere length of memory Cluster of differentiation (CD) CD4+(CD45ROneg and CD45RO+), effector CD8+CD28neg, and CD8+CD28+ T cells in aged individuals. METHODS: Fifty-three healthy elderly men (aged 65-85 years) were included in this study. Their fitness level was classified according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) for VO2 max (mL/kg/min). Blood samples were obtained from all participants to analyze the percentage of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28+, naïve, and subpopulations of memory T cells by using flow cytometry. Furthermore, using the Flow-FISH methodology, the CD4+CD45RO+, CD4+CD45ROneg, CD8+CD28+, and CD8+CD28negT cell telomere lengths were measured. RESULTS: There was a greater proportion of effector memory T CD4+ cells and longer telomeres in CD8+CD28+ T cells in the moderate physical fitness group than in the other groups. There was a higher proportion of terminally differentiated memory effector T cells in the low physical fitness group. CONCLUSION: A moderate physical activity may positively influence the telomere shortening of CD28+CD8+T cells. However, additional studies are necessary to evaluate the importance of this finding with regard to immune function responses in older men.

Prevention and treatment of immunosenescence and its related diseases / 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志

@#Expression and regulation of genetic genes determine the senescent process. Generally, aging has been regarded as an irreversible process. Along with age increasing, each organ of the body including immune system experiences senescence. Immunosenescence promotes the age-related diseases, such as tumor, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, and so on. These diseases seriously affect the quality of human life and longevity. How to delay senility, maintain immune function, and keep a good health have become the hot points of social concerns. Inthisreview, by discussing theaging, immunosenescence and its related diseases, aging and tumor treatment as well as anti-aging and disease treatment etc, we explore the mechanisms, prevention and treatment of senescence, senescence-related disease and anti-aging.

The role of senescence of bone marrow cells in acute kidney injury

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in elderly patients has grown considerably. Age-associated changes in the immune system can be one of the critical factors determining AKI outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the role of senescence of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in the development of AKI, focusing on the immune response. METHODS: Female 7-week-old C57BL/6 mice were irradiated and treated with BM cells from either 48-week-old or 8-week-old male mice. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) was induced, and their functional deterioration, histological tubular damage, and inflammatory responses were compared. For the in-vitro study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine production by BM cells from old and young mice were examined. RESULTS: At 24 hours after IRI, there was no significant difference in the number of circulating immune cells between the mice transplanted with old or young BM cells. However, the mice with old BM cells showed less functional deterioration and histological tubular injury than those with young BM cells. Moreover, macrophage infiltration and renal cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 levels were lower in the mice with old BM cells at 24 hours post-IRI. Consistently, the in vitro study showed that LPS-induced production of cytokines interferon-γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and IL-10 was attenuated in cultured old BM cells, suggesting that age-related functional changes in these cells may lead to reduced inflammation in IRI. CONCLUSION: Immunosenescence could affect the susceptibility and response to renal IRI. Further studies specifically addressing age-related alterations can help in the development of treatment strategies for elderly patients with AKI.

Immunosenescence and development of influenza vaccines for the elderly / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Immunization with influenza vaccine is an effective prophylactic strategy in preventing seasonal flu. In the elderly, the standard influenza vaccines are not as effective as in non-elderly healthy adults, since the elderly people are particularly susceptible to influenza. With the acceleration of the global aging process, it is necessary to develop novel influenza vaccines which are more effective in the elderly. This review discusses immunosenescence and the substantial progress that has been made in the influenza vaccines for elderly people.

The crosstalk between immunosenescence and tumor pathogenesis / 中国肿瘤临床

Immunosenescence is the decline in the structure and function of the body's immune system that involves organs, cells, im-mune factors, and regulatory networks. Decreased immunity and immune clearance, caused by immunosenescence, are key contribu-tors to tumorigenesis. This article begins by introducing the concept of immunosenescence and provides a comprehensive description of the relationship between immunosenescence and tumorigenesis. We also discuss the influence of the various components of the immune system on tumor incidence. Finally, the article provides ideas for immunosenescence intervention aimed at the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Immunosenescence: participation of T lymphocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in aging-related immune response changes / Imunosenescência: participação de linfócitos T e células mieloides supressoras nas alterações da resposta imune relacionadas ao envelhecimento

ABSTRACT Healthy aging is partly related to appropriate function of the immune system. As already reported, some changes in this system are observed, including reduced number and repertoire of T cells due to thymic involution, accumulation of memory T cells by chronic infections, homeostatic proliferation compensating for the number of naïve T cells, decreased proliferation of T cells against a stimulus, telomere shortening, replicative senescence of the T cells, and inflammaging, besides the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The purpose of this article is to clarify each of these changes, aiming to minimize limitations of immunosenescence. If such associations can be established, these cells may be used as early and less invasive markers of aging-related diseases, as well as to indicate interventions, evaluate the efficacy of interventions and be a tool to achieve longevity with quality of life.

RESUMO O envelhecimento saudável está relacionado, pelo menos em parte, com a função adequada do sistema imunológico. Isso porque já foi relatado que, com o envelhecimento, algumas mudanças desse sistema são observadas, como a diminuição da percentagem e do repertório de células T pela involução tímica, acúmulo de células T de memória por infecções crônicas, compensação do número de células T naïve por proliferação homeostática, diminuição da capacidade de proliferação das células T frente a um estímulo, encurtamento dos telômeros, senescência replicativa das células T, e inflammaging, além do acúmulo de células mieloides supressoras. Este artigo visa esclarecer cada uma das mudanças, mencionadas, com o intuito de buscar meios de minimizar as limitações da imunosenescência. Caso seja possível estabelecer tais relações, essas células podem ser utilizadas como marcadores precoces e pouco invasivos de doenças relacionadas ao envelhecimento, além da possibilidade de serem utilizadas para indicar intervenções, avaliar a eficácia das intervenções e como ferramenta para alcance da longevidade com qualidade de vida.

COPD as a Disease of Immunosenescence

Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is regarded as a chronic inflammatory lung disease, the disease mechanism is still not known. Intriguingly, aging lungs are quite similar to COPD-affected lungs in many ways, and COPD has been viewed as a disease of accelerated premature aging of the lungs. In this paper, based on a literature review, we would like to propose immunosenescence, age-associated decline in immunity, as a critical mechanism for the development of COPD. Immunosenescence can cause a low-grade, systemic inflammation described as inflammaging. This inflammaging may be directly involved in the COPD pathogenesis. The potential contributors to the development of inflammaging in the lungs possibly leading to COPD are discussed in the review paper. A notable fact about COPD is that only 15% to 20% of smokers develop clinically significant COPD. Given that there is a substantial inter-individual variation in inflammaging susceptibility, which is genetically determined and significantly affected by the history of the individual's exposure to pathogens, immunosenescence and inflammaging may also provide the answer for this unexpectedly low susceptibility of smokers to clinically significant COPD.

Aging and the Immune System: the Impact of Immunosenescence on Viral Infection, Immunity and Vaccine Immunogenicity

Immunosenescence is characterized by a progressive deterioration of the immune system associated with aging. Multiple components of both innate and adaptive immune systems experience aging-related changes, such as alterations in the number of circulating monocytic and dendritic cells, reduced phagocytic activities of neutrophils, limited diversity in B/T cell repertoire, T cell exhaustion or inflation, and chronic production of inflammatory cytokines known as inflammaging. The elderly are less likely to benefit from vaccinations as preventative measures against infectious diseases due to the inability of the immune system to mount a successful defense. Therefore, aging is thought to decrease the efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines, suggesting aging-associated decline in the immunogenicity induced by vaccination. In this review, we discuss aging-associated changes in the innate and adaptive immunity and the impact of immunosenescence on viral infection and immunity. We further explore recent advances in strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines in the elderly. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying immunosenescence-related immune dysfunction will provide a crucial insight into the development of effective elderly-targeted vaccines and immunotherapies.